Science, 19 Jun 2025, VOL 388, ISSUE 6753

《科学》2025年6月19日，第388卷，6753期

生物学Biology

Sleep need–dependent plasticity of a thalamic circuit promotes homeostatic recovery sleep

睡眠需求依靠性丘脑回路可塑性促成稳态恢复性睡眠

▲ 作者：Sang Soo Lee, Qiang Liu et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm8203

▲ 择要：永劫间苏醒会致使连续而深度的恢复性睡眠（RS）。然而，介导这一历程的神经回路机制仍未了了。经由过程对于小鼠举行神经回路筛查，研究职员发明了一组于睡眠褫夺（SD）时期被激活、且对于睡眠稳态有须要性的丘脑室旁核（RE）神经元。光遗传学激活RE神经元会孕育发生一种非凡表型：小鼠先呈现睡前举动（理毛及收拾巢穴），随落伍入近似在RS的永劫间深度睡眠。

于SD时期按捺RE神经元勾当会侵害后续的RS，注解这些神经元通报睡眠需求旌旗灯号。RE神经元作用在促睡眠区不决带细胞的上游，且SD会激发该回路的可塑性变化以加强其毗连强度。这些发明展现了睡眠需求经由过程转变睡眠回路的功效耦合，以促成连续深度睡眠的神经机制。

▲ Abstract：Prolonged wakefulness leads to persistent, deep recovery sleep (RS). However, the neuronal circuits that mediate this process remain elusive. From a circuit screen in mice, we identified a group of thalamic nucleus reuniens (RE) neurons activated during sleep deprivation (SD) and required for sleep homeostasis. Optogenetic activation of RE neurons leads to an unusual phenotype: presleep behaviors (grooming and nest organizing) followed by prolonged, intense sleep that resembles RS. Inhibiting RE activity during SD impairs subsequent RS, which suggests that these neurons signal sleep need. RE neurons act upstream of sleep-promoting zona incerta cells, and SD triggers plasticity of this circuit to strengthen their connectivity. These findings reveal a circuit mechanism by which sleep need transforms the functional coupling of a sleep circuit to promote persistent, deep sleep.

化学Chemistry

Limitations of chemical monitoring hinder aquatic risk evaluations on the macroscale

化学监测的局限性制约年夜标准水生危害评估

▲ 作者：Sascha Bub, Lara L. Petschick et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn5356

▲择要：年夜标准化学监测数据评估需要化学物资、空间及时间三维信息的整合。于此，研究职员联系关系了美国6400万条地表水监测记载（触及1900种化学物资，时间跨度为1958至2019年，笼罩31万个监测站点）以和3700万条阐发检测限与体内/体外毒性阈值数据。研究发明，于约29.7万种潜于情况存眷化学物资中，可用在回溯性危害评估的袒露数据不足1%。

与20世纪70年月重要监测长期性无机污染物的环境差别，现行监测系统对于年夜量有机化学物资和其降解产品的管控存于较着缺掉。监测的化学笼罩度及空间笼罩度不足，加上部门高毒性物资的检测限值设置太高，致使主要化学物资的危害认知存于体系性误差。

▲ Abstract：Macroscale evaluations of chemical monitoring data require the integration of chemical, spatial, and temporal dimensions. Here, we linked 64 million US surface water monitoring records (1900 chemicals, date range 1958 to 2019, 310,000 sites) and 37 million analytical limits and in vivo and in silico toxicity thresholds. We found that the exposure data required for retrospective risk assessment were available for less than 1% of chemicals with potential environmental concern (n ≈ 297,000). In contrast to the situation with persistent and often inorganic contaminants in the 1970s, current monitoring schemes lack control of a much larger number of organic chemicals and their degradates. Insufficient chemical and spatial coverage of monitoring, along with analytical limits being far too high to track some of the most toxic chemicals, biases risk perceptions for important chemicals.

Excision of organic macrocycles from covalent organic frameworks

共价有机框架中有机年夜环布局的切确切除了

▲ 作者：Roberto Sánchez-Naya, Juan Pablo Cavalieri et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw4126

▲择要：传统份子合成凡是经由过程简朴份子前体间的分步反映实现。该研究报导了一种基在"剪裁化学"要领的有机份子合成新要领，可以从有序延长的有机布局中精准切除了方针份子。

研究职员经由过程选择性切割共价有机框架，乐成制备了系列年夜环化合物：包括8种环原子数为11四、138及162的年夜环聚酰胺，以和1种114原子环的年夜环聚酰亚胺。这类份子切除了计谋将有机合成的合用规模拓展至传统要领难以得到的年夜份子系统。

▲ Abstract：Molecules are typica三木SEO-lly synthesized through stepwise processes involving chemical reactions between simple molecular precursors. Here, we report an advance in the synthesis of new organic molecules based on the approach of clip-off chemistry, in which molecules are excised from ordered, extended organic structures. We synthesized macrocycles by selectively cleaving them out of covalent organic frameworks. The synthesized macrocycles include eight macrocyclic polyamides with 114-, 138-, and 162-atom rings, and one 114-atom ring macrocyclic polyimide. This excision approach expands the scope of chemical organic synthesis to previously inaccessible macromolecules.

动物学Zoology

Molecular evolution of sour tolerance in birds

鸟类酸味耐受性的份子演化机制

▲ 作者：Hao Zhang, Lei Luo et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr7946

▲ 择要：味觉仔塑造动物感知中很是要害。哺乳动物对于作为基本味觉之一的酸味具备排斥性，而很多鸟类却常常取食酸性果实，表示其可能存于酸味耐受机制。该研究展现了鸟类酸味耐受的份子基础触及酸味受体[otopetrin 1（OTOP1）]的顺应性转变。

研究展示了酸味耐受是鸟类的守旧性状，禽类OTOP1体现出酸引诱按捺特征，以和OTOP1调控直接影响酸味感知与耐受能力。经由过程先人序列重修发明，酸味耐受能力的晋升与鸣禽类群重获甜味感知能力可能处在不异的演化节点。这一改变可能使患上鸣禽患上以取食更广泛的生果资源，影响了这一种群的演化辐射与多样性形成。

▲ Abstract：Taste is crucial in shaping animal perception. Sourness, one of the primary tastes, is aversive in ma妹妹als, whereas many birds frequently consume acidic fruits, suggesting a potential tolerance. Our study uncovers a mechanism enabling avian sour tolerance that involves changes to the sour receptor [otopetrin 1 (OTOP1)]. We demonstrate that sour tolerance is a conserved trait in birds, with avian OTOP1 exhibiting acid-induced inhibition and OTOP1 modulation affecting sour perception and tolerance. Ancestral reconstruction reveals that the increase in acid tolerance may have evolved at the same point in the songbird phylogeny as the regain of sweet sensing in this clade. This shift might have enabled songbirds to feed on a wider range of fruits, affecting the evolution and diversification of the songbird radiation.

地球科学Earth Science

Greener green and bluer blue: Ocean poleward greening over the past two decades

更绿的绿，更蓝的蓝：已往二十年海洋极地绿化征象

▲ 作者：Haipeng Zhao, Manfredi Manizza et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr9715

▲ 择要：只管天气变化致使的陆地绿化征象已经有充实记录，海洋中的近似趋向却没有被完全研究。基在卫星不雅测的海洋叶绿素a（Chl）浓度数据，该研究展示了表层海洋于2003至2022年间出现显著的向极地绿化趋向。

与此同时，北半球副热带海疆叶绿素浓度连续降落。经由过程构建不服等指数发明，这类叶绿素浓度的纬度差异于已往二十年连续扩展，于北半球体现尤为凸起。

水温上升多是驱动叶绿素变化的主因。这类以海水"更绿的绿，更蓝的蓝"为标记的叶绿素漫衍掉衡征象，可能经由过程养分级联效应影响高养分级生物，进而对于沿海国度渔业与经济孕育发生深远影响。

▲ Abstract：Although the global greening associated with climate change is well documented on land, similar trends in the ocean have not been thoroughly identified. Using satellite observations of ocean chlorophyll a (Chl) concentration, we show that the surface ocean experienced a poleward greening from 2003 to 2022. Contemporaneously, the subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere experienced a decrease in Chl. As such, the latitudinal disparity in Chl, as documented by an inequality index, has been increasing over the past two decades, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. Rising water temperatures may primarily influence the Chl trends. The increasing Chl inequality—marked by “greener green and bluer blue” waters—has the potential to cascade to higher trophic levels, with implications for the fisheries and economies of coastal nations.

Plastic bag bans and fees reduce harmful bag litter on shorelines

塑料袋禁令与收费政策有用削减海岸线有害塑料袋污染

▲ 作者：Anna Papp and Kimberly L. Oremus

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp9274

▲择要：塑料污染正严峻威逼海洋和淡水生态体系和其生态办事功效。只管全世界规模愈来愈遍及实行内塑料袋禁令与税费政策，但其削减塑料垃圾的现实效果尚不明确。

使用美国差别地舆标准上实行的差异化塑料袋政策，联合公平易近科学项目网络的45067次海岸线清算数据，该研究体系评估了政策对于塑料袋垃圾的影响。

研究发明，相较在无政策地域，实行塑料袋政策的区域于清算垃圾中塑料袋占比降落25%至47%，此中税费政策可能对于海岸线垃圾的减排效果更显著。当前，一方面多国当局正思量出台塑料袋管束政策，另外一方脸部分地域却经由过程立法阻挠此类政策奉行。该研究为塑料袋政策能有用减缓海岸线塑料污染问题提供了证据。

▲ Abstract：Plastic pollution threatens marine and freshwater ecosystems and the services they provide. Although plastic bag bans and taxes are increasingly implemented worldwide, their effectiveness in reducing plastic litter remains unknown. Leveraging the patchwork of bag policies across different geographic scales in the United States and citizen science data on 45,067 shoreline cleanups, we assess the impact of these policies on plastic bag litter. We find that plastic bag policies lead to a 25 to 47% decrease in plastic bags as a share of total items collected at cleanups relative to areas without policies, with taxes possibly further reducing shoreline litter. At a time when many jurisdictions are considering bag policies, while others are preemptively prohibiting them, our study provides evidence that they mitigate shoreline plastic pollution.

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